Multi-region subways start to quote LED lighting

LED quietly illuminates the domestic subway In recent years, with the rapid development of the economy, road congestion has become increasingly serious, and major cities have successively built subways to alleviate traffic congestion. LED green lighting on the Guangzhou Asian Games and Shenzhen Universiade, quietly into the subway car. The rapid development of LED lighting technology and the in-depth implementation of China's energy-saving emission reduction policies have led to the introduction of LED light sources for road lighting and subway lighting. In recent years, there have been hundreds of road and tunnel lighting companies in China that have developed and produced white LEDs as light sources. The number of subway lines using LEDs as lighting sources has also increased. Since 2008, multi-region subways have cited LED lighting, and the market for subway lighting has begun to appear in the eyes of many manufacturers. Because of its vast future, it is Philips and Sanxiong. Aurora and other old-fashioned lighting companies, or LED companies such as Xinli Light Source, Shifu Lighting, and Shengpu Optoelectronics are competing to seize the subway lighting market. In 2008, the Hong Kong MTR and Jiuzhou Optoelectronics introduced LED light source as the first interior lighting of subway cars in the world, which opened the LED era of subway lighting. In 2011, the relevant national departments issued the "Technical Specifications for LED Lighting for Metro Places", which detailed the procurement specifications for subway LED lighting, and opened the standardization road for subway LED lighting. According to the survey, in 2013, there were about 48 domestic subways, and 28 cities were building subways. In the domestic subway network, taking the Shenzhen Metro as an example, in addition to the use of LED lighting on the entire line of Line 2, the rest of the use of traditional lighting, the LED market potential of subway lighting can be described as quite large. In addition, Guangzhou Metro Line 2 Sanyuanli, Railway Station, Yuexiu Park, Memorial Hall, Park Front, Haizhu Square, City Ergong, Jiangnan West, Zhongda, Lujiang, Kecun, Moshasha, Xingangdong, Weizhou In the field of lighting systems in public areas of 14 stations, in 2013, energy-saving LED lamps were replaced, and the number of lamps was about 18,000. In 2014, LED began to be the first choice for lighting in the construction of subways. In the recent news, Shenzhen is preparing to launch new cars to improve the congestion of Metro Line 1, while in the new cars, the interior lighting is owned by CSR. Patented LED centralized power supply patent technology, saving more than 30 compared to conventional lighting. In September, Shanghai also introduced LED lighting compartments for Lines 3 and 4. The new car body also adopted a lightweight design, which is nearly 20 lighter than the old model, thus reducing the energy consumption required for vehicle traction. At the same time, the use of automatic photosensitive LED, its energy consumption can automatically reduce its illuminance according to external illuminance to reduce its energy consumption, according to the measured data, using LED lighting, can basically reduce energy consumption by 50 a year. The EMC dilemma has blocked the railway bidding government to dominate the LED expansion of the subway market. Today, the number of subways in China has increased year by year with the development of the city, and there are nearly dozens of cities in the same subway construction. However, most of the domestic subway lighting still uses traditional lighting, such as the Guangzhou Metro, there are eight lines, of which the lighting in the public service area has to be replaced, the number of lamps is up to nearly 20,000 sets. In the city of Paris, a total of more than 300 subway stations, plus a suburban subway station, a total of 250,000 lighting fixtures need to be replaced, this number shows that the development potential of subway lighting is immeasurable. Different from the large-scale commercial promotion model in Europe and the United States, LED lighting in mainland China is also a tentative project led by the government. The commercialization idea is still unclear, which has caused great trouble to the commercialization cooperation process of domestic LED engineering. The EMC energy contract management model has played an important role in large-scale LED engineering projects such as subway lighting in foreign countries. Through the new cooperation mechanism of EMC, the MTRC does not have to bear the project cost in the early stage of the project, and cooperates with the LED enterprise with zero-cost investment, while the LED enterprise recovers the investment and profits in the energy-saving benefits obtained during the project implementation. As an exotic product, the EMC model has suffered from soil and water in China, and the market promotion situation is difficult to open. An industry insider told the author: The reason why the EMC model is difficult to promote in China is that there are many institutional obstacles besides not knowing enough about it in China. Enterprises and users have low mutual trust. LED companies will have financial risks when implementing EMC projects. It is not certain whether the owners can perform credit performance and pay energy savings on time after receiving energy-saving benefits. The owners who accept the implementation of lighting renovation are not sure whether the technology and products provided by LED companies and the service capabilities of the company are excellent. EMC projects have problems with financing difficulties. In the early stage of EMC project implementation, LED companies need to provide a large amount of start-up funds in advance, and the bank's loan requirements for this business cooperation model are not recognized, resulting in difficulties in financing LED companies. The state has over-taxed the EMC model. Since the state has not introduced a taxation specification specifically for the EMC model, the energy-saving income obtained by the LED enterprise is regarded as the markup of the general energy-saving equipment seller, and the VAT is included in the regulation, resulting in excessive taxation. The above three obstacles have cast a shadow over the commercialization of LED lighting in China, which has slowed down the LED lighting market in the subway and railway lighting markets. The policy trend tends to be bright. The LED subway lighting market is very promising. Because the subway runs underground all the year round, there are high requirements for lighting. It requires not only power saving, high brightness, long life, but also uninterrupted lighting. However, commonly used incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps, and the like have certain defects, and some inevitable lighting failures may occur. In contrast, LEDs are environmentally friendly, energy efficient, long life, high luminous efficiency, no radiation, etc., extending service life and significantly reducing energy consumption. Moreover, the strong shock resistance of LED is very suitable for the subway operation environment. It can be replaced in six or seven years. The energy efficiency of LED lamps is nearly 50 higher than that of ordinary fluorescent lamps. Therefore, LED has become the best green lighting fixture. The use of LED lights in subway stations not only saves a lot of electricity, but also saves a lot of maintenance costs. At the same time, the quality of the lighting can also be ensured. LED provides a subway lighting scheme with novel structure, low cost, long service life, good power saving effect and high reliability for the problems existing in the current subway lighting system. It is understood that after the national policy subsidies spare no effort to popularize the application of LED lighting in public places and indoor areas, LED lighting products are gradually applied to outdoor lighting, indoor lighting and so on. At present, statistics show that in the first quarter of 2013, the tender for street lamps and tunnel lights in Guangdong Province from January to March 2013 has reached 76,000 baht, compared with 75,000 baht in the whole year. Moreover, Lu Fang, director of the National Development and Reform Commission's Elimination of Incandescent Projects Office, recently pointed out at the China Lighting Forum hosted by the China Lighting Society that in 2013, the number of LED lighting products will reach 30 million, covering the types of tunnel lights, street lights, downlights, Based on the spotlights, a new bulb was added this year. The Beijing Metro Department plans to complete the renovation of 100,000 LED lights in 2015. According to the relevant person in charge of the department, the energy consumption of the subway continues to grow, and energy conservation and consumption reduction has become an important work content of the Beijing subway department. Since 2005, the Beijing Subway has invested 8.5 billion yuan in the transformation of more than 70 equipment systems for two subway lines. The data shows that last year, the Beijing Metro implemented LED lighting and energy-saving pilot projects, and replaced nearly 2,000 LED lamps, saving 156,000 kWh annually. This year, Beijing Metro Operation Company will expand the promotion of LED green lighting, and it is expected to replace 20,000 LED lamps, with an estimated annual energy saving of 1.7 million kWh. In the 21st century, we advocate resource conservation and ecological civilization, and the whole world is promoting the path of sustainable development. In this era of knowledge-creating economy, the use of energy-efficient lighting has made people more comfortable and environmentally friendly, which is the goal of most people. As the emergence of public transportation subways, the green way of travel has added a new choice, and the latest LED technology is placed on the entire station and each car, which is a new contribution to energy conservation. The use of LEDs not only saves a lot of electricity and a large amount of copper, but also saves a lot of maintenance costs, while also ensuring the quality of lighting. The things that have been done in one fell swoop may only be illusory in the past, but now it has gradually become a common thing around us. Such a subway, such LED lighting technology, will undoubtedly be more conducive to the sustainable development of ecological civilization.

Rubber Moulding

What is Precision CNC Milling

In general, computer numerical control milling machine (CNC) machining is a deductive manufacturing technique that programs 3-axis linkage, complex to 5-axis linkage, drives milling cutters to remove layers from solid blocks called blanks to produce finished parts. CNC milling is one of the main types of CNC Machining, which uses cutting tools that rotate at a speed of several thousand to tens of thousands of revolutions per minute (RPM) to precisely remove materials to obtain parts with complex surfaces. In addition to milling, CNC machining is also equipped with drills, boring tools, thread cutters and other tools to complete different part features at once. CNC machining produces parts based on a computer-aided design (CAD) model that is sent to a CNC machine through computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software.

CNC Machining centers developed from CNC milling machines. The biggest difference compare to CNC milling machines is that the machining center has the ability to automatically exchange machining tools, by installing tools for different purposes on the tool magazine, the machining tools on the spindle can be changed through the automatic tool changing device in a single clamping device to achieve a variety of machining functions.

CNC Milling Finish
Process	Roughness Ra(um)
Cylindrical milling cutter milling (rough)	12.5~3.2
Cylindrical milling cutter (fine)	3.2~0.8
Cylindrical milling cutter (precision)	0.8~0.4
Cylindrical milling cutter (rough)	12.5~3.2
Cylindrical milling cutter milling (fine)	3.2~0.8
Cylindrical milling cutter milling (precision)	0.8~0.4
Cutter milling (fine)	12.5~3.2
End milling cutter (rough)	3.2~0.4
End milling cutter (precision)	0.8~0.2
High speed milling (rough)	1.6~0.8
High speed milling (fine)	0.4~0.2

CNC milling accuracy

CNC milling centers and high-Precision Machining centers. Ordinary machining center, resolution of 1μm, maximum feed speed of 15 ~ 25m / min, positioning accuracy of about 0μm. High-precision machining center, resolution of 0.1μm, maximum feed speed of 15 ~ 100m / min, positioning accuracy of about 2μm. Between 2 and 10 μm, with a ± 5 μm more, can be called precision grade. FCE equipped with different grade and different size CNC milling center. Take in to account into both economic and quality in parallel.

CNC Finishing surface treatment

Post-processing is the final step in the CNC machining process. In a quick guide, we offer a lot of surface treatments to complete your final parts and get them to meet strict specific requirements. It should be noted that in CNC machining, post-processing is in optional, as the quality of the machined parts is already very high.

Anodized

The anodizing process allows the part to obtain excellent corrosion resistance, increasing the hardness and wear resistance of the surface. Anodizing is also the most common pre-painting treatment, which can help the painted surface to obtain good adhesion. We typically apply two types of anodizing in our production: Type II, corrosion resistant; Type III is thicker, adding a layer of wear resistance. Both anodizing processes can achieve a variety of color effects.

Polishing

Grinding polish, it offers the fastest turnaround parts and does not require post-processing. The surface finish of the grinding part is equivalent to 125 um in Ra, and the requirements can be increased to 63, 32 or 16 um Ra. Minor tool marks may still be visible on the last part.

Powder coatings

Powder Coating is thermoplastic powder spraying directly on the processed part. The sprayed parts are then baked in an oven to form a durable, abrasion- and corrosion-resistant plastic coating. In the powder coating process, its color, brightness, surface roughness can be customized.

Shot blasting

Shot peening is the high-speed spraying of beads of different hardnesses and sizes onto the surface of the part. To get different textures and brightness of the surface. Since the surface has been hit by similar forging beads, the hardness and wear resistance of the surface have also been enhanced.

Design of CNC machining

CNC machining is a universal machining process, especially parts that can be cut and machined can be achieved through CNC, from simple shape shapes to complex curved structures. However, as with every manufacturing technique, CNC machining has some design limitations. We break them down as follows to ensure that your products are optimally designed to better fit the CNC machining process.

General Tolerance

When designing parts, the size of each part is different according to the application environment, working conditions, etc., and the requirements for the machining accuracy of the workpiece are also different. Although CNC machining can achieve very high machining accuracy, we should also be aware that demanding machining accuracy and accuracy (strict product tolerances) usually mean Longer production times and higher costs. If a specific tolerance is not specified in the product design, we recommend choosing at the following levels.

Permissible deviations in mm for ranges in nominal lengths	Tolerance Class Designation(Description)
	fine	medium	coarse	very coarse
0.5 up to 3	±0.05	±0.1	±0.2	--
over 3 up to 6	±0.05	±0.1	±0.3	±0.5
over 6 up to 30	±0.1	±0.2	±0.5	±1.0
over30up to 120	±0.15	±0.3	±0.8	±1.5
over120upto400	±0.2	±0.5	±1.2	±2.5
over 400up to 1000	±0.3	±0.8	±2.0	±4.0
over 1000up to 2000	±0.5	±1.2	±3.0	±6.0
over 2000 up to 4000	--	±2.0	±4.0	±8.0

The highest precision of our equipment is 0.001, and the recommended most precise machining requirements do not exceed +/-0.005mm

Interior angle

All internal vertical edges of our products need to have rounded corners instead of right angles. This is because the tools used in CNC milling are cylindrical, which means they cannot produce inner right-angled edges. The fillet required by this process is called the inner corner fillet. When designing parts, the larger the inner corner fillet, the more efficient the production process. Because of the larger fillets, larger diameter milling cutters can be used to increase milling speed, and fewer swaps can be made to improve accuracy.

Undercut

Undercut cannot be machined with standard milling cutters, so the use of retract slots for parts should be avoided when designing CNC machined parts. In particular, for non-standard inner contour shapes, customized machining tools are required, which will greatly increase processing time and costs. Secondly, if undercut can not be avoided, due to the limited length of cnc tools, the undercut can not be too deep. If they are too deep or the location is difficult to reach, they will not be able to be produced because the CNC tool cannot reach the machining location.

Chamber wall thickness

CNC machining requires your part design to meet minimum wall thickness requirements. In general, it is recommended to choose the thickest possible and avoid very thin or characteristic walls. This is because CNC tools processing thin-walled parts will cause vibration deformation, which may cause interruptions or damage, and the size is out of specification. The standard minimum wall thickness for CNC machined metals is 0.030" (0.76 mm) and for plastics is 0.060" (1.5 mm).

Thread

When designing parts, it is useful to choose the largest possible thread size because smaller taps have a higher risk of breaking during production. If possible, avoid using deep hole threads as they lead to higher production costs, especially when custom tools are required.

Metal

In principle, materials with high hardness are easier to process because better processing accuracy can be obtained, but they are limited by the hardness of processing tools, so the hardness of the generally recommended parts is 8 ~ 60HRC, and for metal materials, the hardness is greater than stainless steel Followed by cast iron, followed by copper, and finally aluminum, while the processing of ceramics, plastics, etc. belongs to the processing of non-metallic materials. Fast production time.

Polymer

Although CNC can process thermoplastics, the material properties of polymers still have many difficulties for CNC processing. First, due to poor thermal conductivity, many thermoplastics melt or bend when in contact with CNC milling machines or drill bits. Secondly, the processing of plastics, because the hardness is low, the size accuracy caused by the knife during product clamping and processing is not high. For those parts that do not have special requirements for the strength and hardness of the metal, thermoplastics can provide a cheaper alternative.

Cost optimization of machined products

Simplify product design

Simplifying product design while taking into account functionality usually saves production time and reduces production costs. Because the manufacture of complex structures and surfaces often requires complex longer passes, more layering to obtain the same fine contour quality. This means higher production costs.

Reduce cutter changes

Using the same milling machine machining features, larger and same internal fillets, can reduce the number of tools used to reduce machining time. For example, if a workpiece needs a 10mm end face milling cutter to process some features, it also needs a spherical milling cutter to process a curved surface, and a 2mm milling cutter to process a fine groove, which will require repeated tool changes and reduce the machining efficiency

Proper material selection

The choice of raw material for machining can have a significant impact on production time and costs for CNC machining. If possible, choose a material with good processability, such as brass or aluminum. For those applications that do not require metal hardness and strength, CNC machining of engineering plastics like PMMA and ABS also helps to reduce costs because the material blank is cheaper, and the processing efficiency is higher.

Tolerance and wall thickness

Higher tolerances and thinner wall thicknesses also increase THE CORRESPONDING CNC machining costs, as it takes time to achieve higher precision cutting. If your product or component can accept a larger size range, choose a lower tolerance to reduce production time and costs. The same is true for wall thickness: a larger wall thickness margin should be chosen.

Choice of surface treatment

Surface treatment is often the final stage of the CNC machining process, which can also affect the cost of your entire project. Choosing less surface treatment for your part or product can lead to better time and cost efficiency. FCE can recommend to you how to optimize the surface treatment to balance the conflict between cost and quality according to your final needs.

FCE Machining services

FCE facilities are equipped with the most advanced and highest precision 3, 4 and 5-axis CNC machines, which allows us to complete your order in record time

1. 15+ year work experience engineers

2. Fastest 5 days delivery

3. Prototypes can be machined as quickly as 1 day.

4. More than 200 metals and plastics material available in stock

5. Tolerances as low as +-0.005mm

6. ISO 9001: 2015 certified factory

7. 40+ CNC machines

8. 50,000+ machined parts per month

We cooperated with many world top 500 companies and awarded good responds always.

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Suzhou FCE precision electronics Co., LTD , https://www.sjfukeyifcesz.com