Titanium easily reacts with elements such as O, H, N in the air and Si, Al, Mg, etc. in the air at high temperatures, forming a surface contamination layer on the surface of the casting , which deteriorates its excellent physical and chemical properties and hardness. Increase, plasticity, elasticity, and brittleness increase.
The density of titanium is small, so the inertia of the titanium liquid flows is small, and the fluidity of the molten titanium is poor, resulting in a low casting flow rate. The casting temperature and mold temperature difference (300 ° C) is large, cooling is fast, casting is carried out in a protective atmosphere, and defects such as pores are inevitable on the surface and inside of the titanium casting, which has a great influence on the quality of the casting.
Thus, surface-treated titanium castings with other more important compared with the dental alloys, titanium, due to the unique physical and chemical properties, such as thermal conductivity, surface hardness, and a low modulus of elasticity, high viscosity, low conductivity, easy to Oxidation, etc., which brings great difficulty to the surface treatment of titanium, it is difficult to achieve the desired effect by conventional surface treatment methods. Special processing methods and means of operation must be used.
The later surface treatment of the casting is not only to obtain a smooth and bright surface, to reduce the accumulation and adhesion of food and plaque, to maintain the balance of the patient's normal oral micro-ecology, but also to increase the aesthetics of the denture; more importantly, These surface treatments and modification processes improve the surface properties and suitability of the castings, and improve the physical and chemical properties of the dentures such as abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance and stress fatigue resistance.
First, the surface reaction layer removal surface reaction layer is the main factor affecting the physical and chemical properties of titanium castings. Before the titanium castings are polished and polished, it is necessary to completely remove the surface contamination layer to achieve a satisfactory polishing effect. The surface reaction layer of titanium can be completely removed by pickling after sandblasting.
Sand blasting: sandblasted titanium castings generally used in thick white corundum preferably spray, blasting pressure smaller than those of non-noble metal, the general control 0.45Mpa or less. Because, when the injection pressure is too large, the sand particles will strike a strong spark on the titanium surface, and the temperature rise can react with the titanium surface to form secondary pollution, which affects the surface quality. The time is 15 to 30 seconds, and only the sand, the surface sintered layer and the part and the oxide layer on the surface of the casting can be removed. The remaining surface reaction layer structure should be quickly removed by chemical pickling.
2. Pickling: Pickling can quickly remove the surface reaction layer completely without contaminating the surface with other elements. Both HF-HCl and HF-HNO 3 acid pickling solutions can be used for pickling of titanium, but HF-HCl acid pickling liquid absorbs a large amount of hydrogen, while HF-HNO 3 pickling liquid has a small amount of hydrogen absorption. Controlling the concentration of HNO 3 reduces hydrogen absorption, and can brighten the surface. Generally, the concentration of HF is about 3%~5%, and the concentration of HNO 3 is about 15%~30%.
Second, the processing of casting defects
Internal air holes and shrinkage holes internal defects: can be removed by hot isostatic pressing, but the accuracy of the denture will be affected. It is best to use X-ray flaw detection, the surface is removed from the exposed pores, and the laser is used for repair welding. Surface porosity defects can be directly repaired by laser local welding.
Third, grinding and polishing 1. Mechanical grinding: Titanium has high chemical reactivity, low thermal conductivity, high viscosity, low mechanical grinding ratio, and easy to react with abrasives. Ordinary abrasives are not suitable for grinding and polishing of titanium. hard abrasive, such as diamond, cubic boron nitride, polishing line speed is generally 900 ~ 1800m / min., otherwise, titanium grinding burn surface and prone to microcracking.
2. Ultrasonic grinding: By ultrasonic vibration, the abrasive grains between the grinding head and the surface to be polished are moved relative to the surface to be polished to achieve the purpose of grinding and polishing. This has the advantage that the grooves, sockets and stencils that are not ground by conventional rotary tools become easier, but the larger castings are not satisfactory.
3. Electrolytic mechanical composite grinding: Electrolytic grinding tools are used to apply electrolyte and voltage between the grinding tool and the grinding surface. Under the joint action of mechanical and electrochemical polishing, the surface roughness is reduced to improve the surface gloss. The electrolyte is 0.9NaCl, the voltage is 5v, and the rotation speed is 3000rpm/min. This method can only grind the plane, and the grinding of the complex denture bracket is still in the research stage. [next]
4. Barrel grinding: Using the centrifugal force generated by the revolution and rotation of the grinding barrel, the denture in the barrel and the abrasive are relatively frictionally moved to reduce the surface roughness. Grinding automation, high efficiency, but can only reduce the surface roughness and can not improve the surface gloss, the grinding accuracy is poor, can be used with deburring and rough grinding before denture polishing.
5. Chemical polishing: Chemical polishing is achieved by the redox reaction of metal in a chemical medium to achieve flattening and polishing. The advantage is that the chemical polishing has nothing to do with the hardness, polishing area and structural shape of the metal. Where the contact with the polishing liquid is polished, it does not require special complicated equipment, and is easy to operate, and is suitable for polishing the complex structure titanium denture bracket. However, the chemical polishing process parameters are difficult to control, and it is required to have a good polishing effect on the denture without affecting the accuracy of the denture. The preferred titanium chemical polishing solution is prepared by HF and HNO 3 in a certain proportion. HF is a reducing agent, which can dissolve titanium metal and play a leveling effect. The concentration is <10%, and HNO 3 acts as an oxidation to prevent excessive dissolution of titanium. Hydrogen absorption can also produce a brightening effect. Titanium polishing solution requires high concentration, low temperature and short polishing time (1~2min.).
6. Electropolishing: also known as electrochemical polishing or anodic dissolution polishing. Due to the low electrical conductivity of titanium, the oxidation performance is extremely strong. Water-based acidic electrolytes such as HF-H 3 PO 4 and HF-H 2 SO electrolytes are used. Titanium is hardly polished, and after the external voltage is applied, the titanium anode is immediately oxidized, and the anode is not dissolved. However, the use of anhydrous chloride electrolyte at low voltage, has a good polishing effect on titanium, small specimens can be mirror polished, but for complex restorations can not achieve the purpose of complete polishing, perhaps changing the shape of the cathode and additional cathode The method can solve this problem and needs further research.
Fourth, the surface modification of titanium Nitriding: A chemical yellow heat treatment technique such as plasma nitriding, multi-arc ion plating, ion implantation and laser nitriding is used to form a gold-colored TiN coating on the surface of the titanium denture, thereby improving the wear resistance, corrosion resistance and resistance of the titanium. Fatigue. However, the technology is complicated and the equipment is expensive. It is difficult to achieve clinical application for surface modification of titanium dentures.
2. Anodizing: The anodizing technique of titanium is relatively easy. In some oxidizing media, the titanium anode can form a thick oxide film under the action of applied voltage, thereby improving its corrosion resistance, wear resistance and weather resistance. The anodized electrolyte generally employs H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 and an aqueous organic acid solution.
3. Atmospheric oxidation: Titanium can form a thick and strong anhydrous oxide film in high temperature atmosphere, which is effective for comprehensive corrosion and crevice corrosion of titanium. The method is relatively simple.
5. Coloring In order to increase the aesthetics of titanium dentures and prevent the discoloration of titanium dentures under natural conditions, surface nitriding treatment, atmospheric oxidation and anodizing surface treatment can be used to make the surface yellow or golden yellow. The beauty of titanium dentures. The anodizing method utilizes the interference effect of the oxide film of titanium on light, and naturally develops color, and can form a colorful color on the surface of titanium by changing the cell voltage.
Sixth, other surface treatment 1: Surface roughening: In order to improve the bonding performance of titanium and veneer resin, it is necessary to roughen the surface of titanium to improve its bonding area. Blast roughened often used clinically, but blasting can cause contamination of the aluminum oxide on the titanium surface, we oxalic acid etching method, to obtain a good effect of roughening, etching 1h surface roughness (Ra) up to 1.50 ±0.30μm, etching 2h Ra is 2.99±0.57μm, which is more than double the Ra (1.42±0.14μm) of sandblasting alone, and the bond strength is increased by 30%.
2: Surface treatment against high temperature oxidation: In order to prevent the rapid oxidation of titanium at high temperatures, titanium silicon compounds and titanium aluminum compounds are formed on the surface of titanium to prevent oxidation of titanium at temperatures above 700 °C. This surface treatment is very effective for the high temperature oxidation of titanium. Perhaps the coating of such compounds on the surface of titanium is beneficial to the combination of titanium and porcelain, and further research is needed.
Product information:
1.Temporary Fence material:
high quality low carbon steel wire Q195, Q235
2.temporary fence process:
welding---making folds----parkerising---galvanized/hot-dipped---packing
3.temporary fence specification:
wire diameter: 3.5mm,4mm,
opening: 50*100mm, 50*150mm, etc.
height*length:1.8*2.9m/2.1*2.9m/1.8*2.4/m2.4*2.9m etc.
frame: 30*30mm/25*25mm etc.
Pipe wall thickness:1.2mm/1.5mm/1.8mm/2.0mm etc.
plastic feet:760*120*6mm/800*80*6mm.
plastic feet weight: 30kg with concrete
surface treatment: hot-dipped galvnized
4.temporary fence uses:
protection for road,railway,highway,pool,animal,feeding,house.
5.temporary fence features:
Corrosion resistant, age resistant, sunshine proof, weather proof.
6.temporary fence packing:
Galvanized Portable Temporary Pool Fences
packing:metal pallet with plastic film
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