The ion exchange purification method is a multi-phase metathesis reaction between a target component ion in a solution and a solid ion exchanger, so that the target component is preferentially transferred from the liquid phase to the solid state exchanger, and this process is called "adsorption". The ion exchanger saturated with the target component is then rinsed with a suitable reagent to re-transfer the target component to the solution. Thereby achieving the purpose of purification and enrichment. The latter process is called "rinsing," "elution," or "desorption." These two processes are often simply referred to as "ion exchange."
Adsorption and leaching are the two most basic tasks of ion exchange. Generally, there are washing operations after adsorption and rinsing operations. The rinsing after adsorption is to remove the adsorbed raw liquid and the impurity component having a small affinity, and the rinsing after rinsing is for removing the eluent in the resin bed. Some purification processes also involve exchanger conversion or regeneration after rinsing and rinsing. The principle flow of the ion exchange purification method is shown in the figure below.
There are many types of ion exchangers, and the most widely used ones are organic synthetic ion exchange resins of various types.
Ion exchange technology is widely used in nuclear fuel, rare earth separation, chemical analysis, purification of industrial water, waste water purification, high-purity preparation of ion-exchanged water and extraction and isolation of certain metal components from dilute solution. For example, cyanide ions and flotation reagents are removed from gold, silver cyanide solution and tailings water.
The ion exchange method has many advantages such as good selectivity for purification and enrichment of metal components, high work recovery rate, low operation cost, and high quality chemical concentrate. It is also possible to directly extract the target component from the leaching slurry (slurry adsorption method), or to combine the leaching operation and the adsorption operation (the slurry resin method). In order to improve the leaching rate and save the solid-liquid separation operation. The main disadvantage of the ion exchange method is that the adsorption capacity of the exchange resin is small, and it is only suitable for extracting the target component from the dilute solution, and the adsorption rate is small and the adsorption cycle is long. Therefore, ion exchange methods have been replaced by organic solvent extraction in many fields.
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