Today, the idea of ​​“user pays†has been generally accepted and deeply penetrated into the process of public policy formulation. Fuel tax, parking fees, congestion fees, mileage-based fees and other policy instruments have been well used in many foreign cities. Recently, Professor Zhang Xiaoning of Tongji University measured the external costs of using private cars.
The study found that in Shanghai, each private car will generate an external cost of 10,784 yuan in one year, including: space occupation cost of 5,496 yuan, congestion cost of 2,400 yuan, pollution cost of 2,768 yuan, and carbon emission cost of 120 yuan. In other words, in addition to the internal costs that the owner has paid (including fuel, facility usage fees, taxes, insurance and vehicle maintenance, etc.), Shanghai’s private cars also pay a tax or fee of more than 10,000 yuan per year. Pay for the external costs of its use.
As we all know, the Shanghai private car license was dubbed the "most expensive iron sheet". In the private car auction on March 23, 2013, the price rose to an all-time high of 918,98 yuan. In the following April, the management department had to adopt the method of auctioning the price limit to curb the excessive rise in the price of the license. Imagine if there is no price limit, how high will this price rise now? And among the expensive license prices, what are the virtual high bubbles, and which reflect its true value?
Intuitively, the increase in license plate prices is due to the shortage of supply. The development of the automobile industry, steady economic growth, increased disposable income of residents, fast and convenient travel, and a symbol of status have made cars become a necessity of modern life. This trend will continue for more than a decade.
As a place where people and things are highly concentrated, the city has very limited space and road resources, which determines that not every citizen can freely own and use cars. Private car auctions attempt to “price†the cost of owning vehicles with a limited amount of volume and the price discovery function of the auction market.
The particularity of this market lies in three aspects: First, the supplier of the license plate quota is unique and monopolized, and the decision on the quota supply should represent the collective will and public rationality of all citizens. Secondly, the supply of quotas cannot be unlimited. Through scientific and rational planning, the amount of quotas should reflect the city's ability to withstand cars and the future vision of harmonious development of cities and cars. Thirdly, the private car auction is a kind of “road resource licenseâ€, which is the right to use limited road resources. In the crowded and cramped metropolis, the scarcity of this right will only become more and more expensive with the fierce competition in the auction. . Therefore, with the expansion of the population, the improvement of the ability to pay, the rigidity of the demand for car purchases, the private car auction market is bound to show a trend of short supply and rising prices.
If you do not make a price limit and let the price of the license plate rise, then the auction will soon become a game for the rich. In the long run, it will damage the fair rights of the public to own the vehicle. However, when there are no more market signals to show the external cost of the car, the rising auction price of the license plate reflects to some extent the real cost of owning a private motor vehicle in a megacity. The scarcity of space, the increase in congestion, the continuation of smog, and the accumulation of carbon emissions have plagued the sustainable development of cities, and these external influences are inevitably related to the excessive use of cars. When there are no more policy tools that can “internalize†these external costs, it is undoubted that these external costs will either be hidden in the license plate auction price, or they will not scatter, entangle and follow the steps of the metropolis.
The external cost of a car has a marginal increase. When the external influence is small, it is relatively easy to manage. When the external influence is large, the cost of governance will increase significantly. As the externality of the car intensifies, the difficulty and cost of governance will increase accordingly. Therefore, the rapid rise in the auction price of license plates also partly reflects the rapid increase in the marginal cost of the car.
According to Professor Zhang Xiaoning's calculation, the current tax and fee system does not completely "digest" the external cost of the car. Therefore, some of these costs have been transferred to the license plate auction market, causing a rapid rise in the auction price, and the other part is undertaken by all Shanghai residents in various forms: the intensified community parking space "contention battle", the spread of time and space traffic congestion , smog weather, and so on. It should be acknowledged that it is a great unfairness for those who do not own a vehicle or have a car without a car.
Today, the idea of ​​“user pays†has been generally accepted and deeply penetrated into the process of public policy formulation. Fuel tax, parking fees, congestion fees, mileage-based fees and other policy instruments have been well used in many foreign cities, and achieved the expected governance effects.
In the context of high-density cities, an effective policy system should consider both the source control of the vehicle and the responsibility of the vehicle user. After all, most of the external costs are directly generated by the vehicle. Only by means of taxes and fees, the external cost can be reasonably “internalizedâ€, and the vehicle users will use the vehicle more rationally, and consciously “pay the bill†for the adverse effects of others on the environment, the environment and the society. .
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