Everything you need to know about Velomobiles

Over the past few years, bicycles and tricycles have become increasingly common. While tricycles aren't as popular as bicycles, most people are familiar with both. Velomobiles, however, are a unique and fun variation of these, although they are not covered by insurance policies anymore. Despite their niche appeal, velomobiles continue to captivate enthusiasts around the globe.

What Are Velomobiles?

Velomobiles, also known as velocars, are essentially a blend of a bicycle and a car. Typically, they come with two or three wheels, though some designs feature more. Riders can choose between an upright or recumbent (leaning back) riding position. Similar to traditional bicycles or tricycles, velomobiles are human-powered, meaning the rider generates the energy needed to move the vehicle forward. Unlike standard bikes or trikes, velomobiles are enclosed, which provides numerous advantages. Enclosed bodies enhance aerodynamics, offer protection from the elements, and provide added safety in case of accidents. Their streamlined design allows velomobiles to reach speeds that traditional human-powered vehicles simply can't match, making them ideal for speed and efficiency-focused riders. Some velomobiles are even built specifically for racing and have set impressive world records for speed and efficiency. Most velomobiles are designed for street use, providing a thrilling ride without necessarily setting any records.

Who Uses Velomobiles?

Velomobiles are especially popular among recumbent cyclists, but they can be enjoyed by anyone! These vehicles are incredibly versatile and can serve various purposes—whether it's for entertainment, exercise, or even replacing a motor vehicle. With so many customization options available, there’s a velomobile for every type of rider. Although velomobiles are often seen as recreational vehicles, they are frequently studied for their efficiency and participate in endurance races. Electrically-assisted velomobiles fitted with solar panels have achieved efficiency levels that are 80+ times higher than those of electric cars!

History of Velomobiles

Decades before World War II, Charles Mochet crafted a "bike-car" for his son, which inspired him to develop various "bike-car" designs that would later be known as "velocars." The first public mention of the velocar dates back to 1927. Over the years, Mochet designed one-, two-, and four-seat vehicles powered by pedals, eventually incorporating small engines. To create the enclosed body, he used a steel frame and thin plywood. Other early velomobile designs adopted a technique used in airplane manufacturing at the time, known as "birdcage," involving sewing a fabric "skin" onto closed spaced wires or tubes and painting it with a liquid that shrinks the fabric upon drying, resulting in a cage-like structure when dry.

In the 1970s, the People Powered Vehicle emerged as a quirky velomobile featuring a side-by-side tandem seat, a steel subframe, and a molded plastic body. While it provided protection, comfort, and ample space, it was bulky, heavy, and its brakes and pedals were ineffective and hard to use. As the automobile industry evolved, consumers shifted their focus to motor vehicles, leaving the velomobile largely forgotten for a long time. Nowadays, the velomobile market remains small but is sustained by a passionate group of enthusiasts who deeply appreciate these vehicles.

Notable Velomobiles on the Market

Since its inception, over 30 velomobile designs have been published. Among these, a few standout models remain popular today. Given their niche nature, only a handful of manufacturers produce velomobiles. Thanks to do-it-yourself designs, many velomobile enthusiasts have the opportunity to build their own vehicles from the comfort of their homes.

Body-on-Frame

This design consists of two parts: an unfaired cycle and a separate body, often referred to as the "skin." While standard bikes or trikes can be used, custom cycles with specially designed fittings for mounting the body are more common. Special fittings enhance fit, durability, flexibility, and can also reduce weight. Since the body doesn't need to be self-supporting or structural, a wide range of materials can be used, from fabric and plywood to fiberglass and carbon fiber. This approach allows for versatility in construction materials and enables multiple bodies to be made for a single frame, or for the cycle to be used without a body altogether.

Alleweder

Another common design is the Alleweder, also known as "monocoque" or "unit" construction. This method involves forming and riveting an aluminum sheet to create a body and attaching it to the cycle, resulting in a single-piece machine. Originally used in airplane construction before 1920 and in velomobile construction since the 1970s, this method is costlier due to the many rivets and rivet holes, and there are limitations to the body shapes that can be created. Fortunately, kits are available to reduce costs and provide a fun DIY challenge for those interested in building their own machines.

Monocoque Shell Made of FRP (Fiber-Reinforced Plastic) Plus Sub-Frames of Welded Aluminum Tubes

The monocoque method using aluminum sheets is favored due to the affordability and recyclability of aluminum, but velomobiles can also be made using FRP materials. An FRP-based monocoque shell made from fibers with a higher strength-to-weight ratio can reduce weight significantly, albeit at a higher price. This method allows for a variety of body shapes and improved aerodynamics, making it superior to the birdcage or aluminum sheet monocoque methods. Despite the challenges of separating and recycling FRP materials, many velomobile enthusiasts find the trade-off worthwhile for a lighter, faster, and more aerodynamic vehicle.

Power-Assisted

Although velomobiles are typically human-powered, electric versions are available for those seeking a bit of extra assistance. There are various electric velomobile designs catering to enthusiasts' preferences. Some manufacturers and hobbyists are exploring ways to make electric velomobiles even more eco-friendly. For instance, the Finnish Northern Light 428 velomobile features a unique hybrid system that allows riders to generate and store power on easier terrain for use on steeper climbs. Instead of directly linking the pedals to the drive wheel, the crankset powers a generator that charges a battery to assist the rear hub motor.

Features to Be Aware Of

Your choice of velomobile specifications will depend on your personal preferences and needs. Like any other bike or trike, there are certain aspects to consider, and depending on your requirements, specific features to look for when searching for the perfect velomobile.

Wheel Configurations

Most velomobiles produced since 2017 are "tadpole" tricycles with two wheels in the front and one in the back, a design recommended for those planning regular use—especially for added stability, easier stops and starts, and better crosswind handling. This layout offers more stability than the "one wheel in the front, two in the back" design. Four-wheeled velomobiles are less common but offer increased stability and luggage capacity, at the expense of added weight and reduced aerodynamics. If speed is your main concern, two wheels may be preferable. Two-wheeled velomobiles usually come with a retractable parking wheel assembly to keep the vehicle upright when stationary or moving slowly, ensuring stability during slow maneuvers. Some argue that additional wheels increase surface contact points, which could theoretically cause drag and reduce aerodynamics.

Open vs. Closed Design

Choosing between an open or closed design depends on the weather and terrain you'll encounter. Velomobilists living in regions with frequent rainfall may prefer an enclosed design for better protection against the elements.

Braking System

Velomobiles use similar braking systems to other cycles, but drum brakes are more common than disc brakes due to their ease of maintenance and quieter operation. Unlike standard bikes and trikes, velomobiles require brake lights when riding on roads shared with others.

Drivetrain, Shifters, and Gears

Velomobile drivetrains resemble those found on bicycles, upright trikes, or recumbent bikes, featuring a bottom bracket with at least one chainring and a rear derailleur. Many velomobiles are equipped with idler pulleys and chain tubes along the drivetrain for added protection and functionality. One of the defining features of velomobiles is the protection of drivetrain components from weather and road debris, preventing premature wear or damage.

Accessories

Given the specialized nature of velomobiles, there are fewer accessories available compared to traditional, non-enclosed cycles. However, many bike and trike accessories can be adapted for use on velomobiles.

Helmets

While velomobiles offer more protection than open cycles, helmets remain essential. Always prioritize wearing a helmet, even in enclosed-top velomobiles. Even the most cautious riders cannot account for the inattention or poor judgment of others. When shopping for a helmet, set a budget, identify reputable options within that range, and consider how you’ll use it while riding. For instance, if you wear glasses, ensure they won’t interfere with strap placement or overall comfort. A helmet should feel snug but not tight, stay secure when shaking your head, and be comfortable overall. Test the chinstrap, as it’s often the source of discomfort. Avoid using earbuds while riding, as they can impair your ability to hear others on the road, increasing the risk of accidents. For guidance on selecting the right helmet, check out our guide on choosing a bike helmet.

Locks

After a helmet, a reliable lock is the most important accessory. While velomobiles are bulky and difficult to steal, their uniqueness and perceived value make them attractive to thieves. To minimize theft risks, always lock your velomobile securely when not in use. Due to their unusual shape and size, conventional U-locks are impractical. Luckily, most velomobiles come with cargo storage, making it easy to carry a long-chain lock to secure your vehicle to a fixed object like a cemented-in bike rack.

Bells or Horns

Since you’ll likely be sharing your riding space with others, it’s crucial to have a way to communicate your presence when necessary. A bell or horn is an excellent solution for this.

Lights

Even though velomobiles have a brake light system, it’s always recommended to ride with fully charged bike lights, even during daylight hours. A study conducted in 2004 and 2005 showed that cyclists using front and rear lights during the day had a 19% lower accident rate compared to those without lights. Weather conditions can change, or you might get lost, affecting the length of your ride and your arrival time. You might not plan to ride at night, but if you unexpectedly find yourself doing so, having lights will prove invaluable. Front and rear lights are recommended to ensure visibility from all directions. The goal is to maximize your visibility to protect yourself and others.

Water Bottle Holders

As velomobiles are mostly enclosed, they can get quite warm even on mild weather days. For rides longer than a casual neighborhood cruise, bring water and stay hydrated.

Phone Mounts

For those relying on GPS navigation, the safest way to use it is with a phone mount. Some frame bags even combine a water bottle holder with a phone mount for convenience.

Mirrors

Even though velomobiles are classified as cycles, following road rules applicable to motor vehicles is still advisable. Mirrors can make the difference between a near miss and a preventable accident. They are essential for those navigating busy urban areas, providing better awareness and visibility of your surroundings.

Where to Ride

In most countries, including the United States, velomobiles are considered bicycles and are allowed wherever conventional and e-bikes are permitted, including bike lanes, shared paths, and city streets. While some velomobiles are significantly faster than bicycles, they are not allowed on highways. Sharing the road with cars in a velomobile requires awareness of safety concerns: velomobiles are low-profile and small, making them easy to overlook. Consider equipping your vehicle with daytime running lights and a safety flag. If you’re fortunate enough to have access to shared paths, be mindful of the dimensions of your velomobile when passing other cyclists or pedestrians or during emergency maneuvers.

Protecting Your Velomobile

If you’ve decided to invest in a velomobile, protecting it is paramount. Properly securing it whenever it’s not in use is essential. Even if garages are left open and unlocked, assuming that storing your velomobile in one is sufficient protection is risky. Always secure it with a sturdy U-lock to an immovable object, even in the garage.