Everything you need to know about Velomobiles

Over the past few years, bicycles and tricycles have become increasingly common, with tricycles not quite reaching the popularity of bicycles. However, most people are familiar with both, and while velomobiles are a cool form of transport, our insurance providers no longer cover them. But that doesn’t mean velomobiles, a unique and exciting variation of bikes and trikes, are out of the picture. These human-powered vehicles have their own charm and appeal, even if they remain relatively obscure.

What are velomobiles?

Velomobiles, also known as velocars, are essentially a “bicycle-car” hybrid. They typically come with two or three wheels, although some variations have even more. Riders can choose between an upright or recumbent (leaning back) position. Like traditional bicycles or tricycles, velomobiles are powered by human effort, meaning the rider provides the energy needed to move the vehicle forward. Unlike standard bikes or trikes, velomobiles are enclosed, providing numerous benefits such as improved aerodynamics and protection from the elements and potential injuries in accidents. This enclosed design allows velomobiles to reach speeds far beyond what a typical bike or trike could manage. Designed with speed and efficiency in mind, some velomobiles are even built for racing and have set world records for both speed and efficiency. Most velomobiles are street legal, though they may not break any speed records, they still provide an exhilarating ride.

Who Uses Velomobiles?

Velomobiles are especially popular among recumbent cyclists, but they’re enjoyable for anyone who’s willing to give them a try. Their versatility makes them suitable for a variety of purposes—whether it's for entertainment, fitness, or even as an alternative to a car. With so many customization options available, there’s bound to be a velomobile that fits every need. Although they’re often seen as recreational vehicles, velomobiles are also frequently studied for their efficiency and are often featured in endurance events. Some electrically-assisted velomobiles even equipped with solar panels have achieved efficiency levels 80 times higher than electric cars!

History of Velomobiles

Charles Mochet, over a decade before World War II, built a “bike-car” for his son, which inspired him to develop various “bike-car” designs, known as “velocars.” The first public mention of the velocar was in 1927. Over the years, he designed one-, two-, and four-seater vehicles that were pedal-powered and eventually added small engines. To create the enclosed body, he used a steel frame and thin plywood. Other early velomobile designs incorporated a body-building technique similar to airplane construction, sometimes referred to as the “birdcage” method. This involved sewing a fabric skin over spaced wires or tubes and then painting it to shrink the fabric once dried. Once dry, the body looks like a birdcage.

The 1970s saw the development of the People Powered Vehicle, a quirky velomobile with a side-by-side tandem seat, steel subframe, and molded plastic body. While it offered protection, comfort, and space, it was large, heavy, and had ineffective brakes and pedals. As the automotive industry grew, consumers shifted their focus to motor vehicles, leaving the velomobile behind for quite some time. Nowadays, the velomobile market remains small but is kept alive by passionate enthusiasts who truly understand and appreciate these unique vehicles.

Notable Velomobiles on the Market

Since its inception, there have been over 30 velomobile designs published. Among these, a few models have stood the test of time and remain popular today. Given their niche nature, only a handful of manufacturers produce them. Thanks to DIY designs, many velomobile enthusiasts have the opportunity to build their own from the comfort of their homes, taking on the challenge of constructing their dream machine.

Body-on-Frame

This velomobile design consists of two parts: an unfaired cycle and a body, often referred to as the “skin.” Standard bikes or trikes can be used, but custom cycles with specially designed fittings for mounting the body are more common. Special fittings enhance fit and durability, offer flexible configurations, and can reduce weight. Since the body doesn’t need to be self-supporting or structural, a variety of materials can be used, including fabric, plywood, fiberglass, and carbon fiber. This design allows for versatility in construction materials and enables multiple bodies to be made for one frame or for the cycle to be used without a body at all.

Alleweder

Another common velomobile design is the Alleweder, also known as “monocoque” or “unit” construction. This method involves forming and riveting an aluminum sheet to create a body and attaching it to the cycle, resulting in a single-piece machine. Originally used in airplane construction before 1920, this approach has been adopted for velomobiles since the 1970s. Aluminum is inexpensive and recyclable, but constructing a velomobile this way is significantly more expensive due to the many rivets and rivet holes, and there are limitations to the body shapes that can be created. Fortunately, kits are available to reduce costs and provide a fun challenge for those who enjoy building their own machines.

Monocoque Shell Made of FRP (Fiber-Reinforced Plastic) Plus Sub-Frames of Welded Aluminum Tubes

While the aluminum sheet monocoque method is often favored due to the cost and recyclability of aluminum, velomobiles can also be made using FRP materials. An FRP-based monocoque shell made from fibers with a higher strength-to-weight ratio can reduce overall weight by several kilograms, albeit at a higher cost. This method allows for a wider range of body shapes and improved aerodynamics, making it a better option than the birdcage or aluminum sheet monocoque approaches. Despite the challenges of separating and recycling FRP materials, many avid velomobilists find the trade-off worth it for a lighter, faster, and more aerodynamic vehicle.

Power-Assisted

Though velomobiles are usually human-powered, electric versions are available for those who want a bit of extra assistance. Naturally, there are various electric velomobile designs catering to enthusiasts’ preferences.

Some manufacturers and enthusiasts are exploring ways to make electric velomobiles even more eco-friendly. One example is the Finnish Northern Light 428, described as looking like a “human-powered rocket.” It features a hybrid system that allows riders to generate and store power on easier terrain to assist them on tougher climbs. Instead of linking the pedals directly to the drive wheel, the crankset activates a generator that charges the battery powering the rear hub motor, providing that extra bit of assistance.

Features to Be Aware Of

Your velomobile’s specifications will depend on your personal preferences and needs. Similar to other bikes or trikes, there are certain features to consider, and depending on your requirements, you may want to look for specific attributes when searching for the perfect velomobile.

Wheel Configurations

Most velomobiles produced since 2017 are “tadpole” tricycles with two wheels in the front and one in the back, a design ideal for regular users—especially those seeking stability, easier stops and starts, and better crosswind handling. This layout offers slightly more stability than the “one wheel in front, two in back” design. Four-wheeled velomobiles are less common but offer increased stability and luggage capacity, trading off some aerodynamics and additional weight. If speed is your priority, however, a two-wheeled model might be the way to go. Two-wheeled velomobiles use a retractable parking wheel assembly to stay upright when stationary or moving slowly, reducing drag during slow maneuvers. Some argue that the extra wheels increase surface contact points, which could theoretically cause drag and reduce aerodynamics.

Open Versus Closed

Choosing between an open or closed design depends on the weather and terrain you’ll encounter. Velomobilists living in rainy areas might prefer an enclosed design.

Braking System

Velomobiles use the same braking systems as other cycles, but drum brakes tend to be more common than disc brakes due to their ease of maintenance and reduced noise. Unlike standard bikes and trikes, velomobiles require brake lights when riding on shared roads, as they are low and small, making them harder to notice for drivers.

Drivetrain, Shifters, and Gears

Velomobile drivetrains resemble those of bikes, upright trikes, or recumbents, featuring a bottom bracket with at least one chainring and a rear derailleur. Many velomobiles are equipped with idler pulleys and chaintubes to protect the drivetrain from weather and road debris, preventing premature wear and damage.

Accessories

As a specialized product, velomobiles don’t have as many accessories on the market as their more traditional counterparts. However, plenty of bike and trike accessories can also be used on velomobiles.

Helmets

While velomobiles offer more protection than bikes without a body, wearing a helmet is still essential. Even careful riders can’t compensate for the inattentiveness of others. When choosing a helmet, set a budget, research reputable brands within that range, and consider how you’ll use it. For example, if you wear glasses, ensure they don’t interfere with strap placement or comfort. A proper fit should feel snug but not tight, stay in place when shaking your head, and be comfortable overall. Test the chinstrap, as it’s often the source of discomfort. Avoid using earbuds while riding, as it’s crucial to hear others on the road to avoid accidents.

Locks

After a helmet, a good lock is the most important accessory. Velomobiles are bulky and hard to steal, but their uniqueness and high value attract thieves. Always lock your velomobile when not in use. Due to their odd shape and size, conventional U-locks aren’t practical. Luckily, velomobiles often come with cargo storage, making it easy to carry a long chain to lock it to an immovable object like a bike rack.

Bells or Horns

Given that you’ll likely share your riding space with others, having a bell or horn is essential for communicating your presence. These tools are great for ensuring others know you’re around.

Lights

Even though velomobiles have brake lights, it’s always wise to have fully charged bike lights, even during daylight rides. A study from 2004 and 2005 found that cyclists with front and rear lights during the day had a 19% lower accident rate compared to those without lights. Weather conditions can change, and you might lose your way, both of which can affect your ride duration and arrival time. Having lights ensures you’re visible from all directions, protecting both yourself and others.

Water Bottle Holders

Due to their enclosed design, velomobiles can get quite warm, even on mild days. For rides longer than a casual neighborhood ride, bring water and stay hydrated.

Phone Mounts

For those who rely on GPS navigation, the safest way is via a phone mount. Some frame bags even combine a water bottle holder and a phone mount.

Mirrors

Even though velomobiles are classified as cycles, following motor vehicle road rules is still recommended. Using mirrors can make the difference between a close call and an avoidable accident. Mirrors are essential for riding in busy cities or neighborhoods, allowing for better road awareness and visibility.

Where to Ride

In most countries, including the U.S., velomobiles are considered bicycles and are allowed wherever conventional and e-bikes are, including bike lanes, shared paths, and city roads. While some velomobiles are faster than bicycles, they’re not permitted on highways. When sharing a road with cars, be mindful of safety concerns: velomobiles are low and small, making them easy to overlook. Consider adding daytime running lights and a safety flag. If you’re lucky enough to have access to shared paths, remember to be cautious of your velomobile’s dimensions when passing others or performing emergency maneuvers.

Protecting Your Velomobile

Velomobiles are rare, so if you decide to invest in one, it’s vital to protect it to the best of your ability. Always secure it properly when not in use. Even if garages are left open and unlocked, assuming that storing your velomobile will suffice is risky. Always use a sturdy U-lock to secure it to an immovable object, even in the garage.